Ultrasonic Sound Waves: They emit high-frequency sound waves (e.g., 25kHz to 55kHz) that are within a rat's hearing range but generally inaudible to humans and most household pets. These fluctuating or "zigzag" frequencies are designed to cause auditory distress and disrupt the rats' navigation and communication systems, making the area undesirable.
LED Strobe Lights: Bright, flashing LED lights are often included to cause optical distress, especially in dark engine bays or attics, further disorienting the rodents and making it difficult for their eyes to adjust.
Predator Sounds (some models): Certain plug-in models for indoor use may also incorporate recordings of predator sounds to enhance the fear response.