Uses
Digestive support — traditionally taken after meals for gas, bloating and sluggish digestion.
Appetite — used as a warming spice that may stimulate appetite.
Mouth freshener — chewing the seeds gives a strong, spicy taste.
Cold/cough preparations — traditionally included in herbal mixtures.
Warming sensation — the pungent compounds can create a warming feeling.
Libido/sexual vitality — traditionally used in some African herbal practices, but human evidence is not strong enough to establish an effective dose.
Antioxidant activity — laboratory studies have found antioxidant compounds in the seeds.
Cooking — used to flavor soups, stews, sauces, meat and other dishes.